Three separate teams of meteorologists worked in secrecy on the high-stakes weather forecasts required for the Allied invasion of Normandy during World War II. But punishing storm fronts in 1944 left them little to work with: Only four possible, but less-than-ideal, dates appeared feasible for “D-Day” from May into July that year—with each nerve-racking option presenting 13-to-one odds against success.
“So, meteorologically, D-Day was bound to be a gamble against the odds,” as Royal Navy meteorologist Lawrence Hogben recollected. And now scientists with the University of Reading and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts…
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